施磷量对柴达木枸杞产量与品质及土壤酶活性的影响

以树龄8 a的‘宁杞7号’为试验材料，通过施用不同量的磷肥（P₂O₅）［0 kg/hm(P₀)、133 kg/hm(P₁₃₃)、267 kg/hm(P₂₆₇)、400 kg/hm(P₄₀₀)、534 kg/hm(P₅₃₄)和667 kg/hm(P₆₆₇)］研究施肥量对枸杞产量与品质及土壤酶活性的影响，以期筛选出柴达木地区枸杞栽培的适宜施磷量。结果表明P₅₃₄处理枸杞的产量最高，为8 320 kg/hm，与P₆₆₇处理无显著差异。P₅₃₄处理枸杞总糖含量较P₀增加42.86%。P₅₃₄处理 0~100 cm土层土壤速效磷平均含量为28.9 mg/kg，较P₆₆₇处理提高5.63%， 0~40 cm土层速效磷平均含量较P₆₆₇处理增加14.26%。随施磷量的增加，土壤速效磷累积量呈先升后降趋势。0~20 cm及20~40 cm土壤磷酸酶活性最高为P₅₃₄处理，较P₆₆₇处理分别显著增加8.11%和11.65%。枸杞产量与0~20 cm土壤磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关，且与枸杞果实磷素累积量呈极显著正相关性。与农民习惯施磷量(667 kg/hm²)相比，P₅₃₄处理(减少20%的磷肥用量)能提高枸杞的产量、总糖、果实磷素累积量及0~40 cm土壤过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性。综合评价，在柴达木地区高磷量枸杞园以施磷肥（P₂O₅）534 kg/hm² 为适宜施磷量。     

荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度影响因素分析及遗传参数估计

【目的】探究中国荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体规律,并估计其遗传参数。【方法】2021年7月至2021年8月分别在2个规模化奶牛场测定了628头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛的牛嘴宽度及臀高、体高、体斜长和胸围等体尺性状,同时利用体斜长和胸围估计试验牛体重。利用SPSS 26.0软件分析了牧场、月龄和泌乳阶段等因素对牛嘴宽度的影响,以及牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间的相关关系;基于DMU软件采用单性状动物模型估计了牛嘴宽度的方差组分及遗传力。【结果】荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体平均值为17.28 cm,变异系数为5%,变异相对较小;牧场和月龄对牛嘴宽度均有极显著影响（P<0.01）,泌乳阶段对牛嘴宽度有显著影响（P<0.05）,牛嘴宽度随母牛月龄的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,泌乳初期牛嘴宽度显著小于其他泌乳阶段（P<0.05）;牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间存在极显著正相关（P<0.01）;荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的遗传力估计值为0.28,为中高遗传力性状。【结论】牧场和月龄对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响极显著,泌乳阶段对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响显著,牛嘴宽度与臀高呈较弱相关。荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度是一个具有中高遗传力的体尺性状。     

有机肥等氮替代化肥对红壤团聚体及玉米产量和品质的影响

为研究有机肥等氮替代化肥对土壤结构、玉米产量和品质的影响,设置有机肥等氮替代化肥的10%（M10）、20%（M20）、30%（M30）、40%（M40）,以单施化肥（M0）和不施肥（CK）为对照6个施肥处理,测定玉米不同生育期的土壤团聚体变化状况。结果表明：随有机肥等氮部分替代化肥比例的增加,玉米各生育期土壤>0.25mm水稳性团聚体（R_0.25）、平均质量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GWD）不断增加,团聚体破坏率（PAD）、分形维数（D）不断降低。与M0处理相比,M30和M40处理显著提高了玉米子粒产量,表现为M30>M40;M20、M30、M40处理较M0处理玉米子粒蛋白质含量显著增加了13.29%~25.03%,淀粉含量显著增加了39.84%~114.06%,可溶性糖含量显著增加了36.49%~54.05%;蛋白质含量表现为M30和M20处理显著大于M40处理,M30与M20处理间差异不显著;淀粉含量表现为M40>M30>M20,差异显著;可溶性糖含量表现为M40和M30处理显著大于M20处理,M30与M40处理间差异不显著。玉米子粒产量和品质与抽雄期、成熟期土壤团聚体R_0.25呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与PAD、D值呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。因此,玉米生产中,利用有机肥等氮替代化肥培肥土壤,需兼顾玉米产量和品质,30%为适宜的有机肥等氮替代化肥比例。     

Variation and heritability of morphological and physiological traits among Leymus chinensis genotypes under different environmental conditions

Intraspecific trait variation and heritability in different environmental conditions not only suggest a potential for an evolutionary response but also have important ecological consequences at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. However, the contribution of quantitative trait variation within a grassland species to evolutionary responses or ecological consequences is seldom documented. Leymus chinensis is an important dominant species in semi-arid grasslands of China, which has seriously suffered from drought and high temperature stresses in recent decades. In the present study, we measured variation and heritability of 10 quantitative traits, namely the number of tillers, maximum shoot height, number of rhizomes, maximum rhizome length, rhizome mass, aboveground mass, root mass, maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pmax), specific leaf area(SLA), and leaf length to leaf width ratio(LL/LW), for 10 genotypes of L. chinensis under one non-stress(Ck) condition and three environmental stress conditions(i.e., drought(Dr), high temperature(Ht), and both drought and high temperature(DrHt)). Result indicated that(1) the interaction of genotype and environmental condition(G×E) was significant for 6 traits but not significant for the other 4 traits as shown by two-way analysis of variance(ANOVA), suggesting that different selection forces were placed for different traits on the factors dominating phenotypic responses to different environmental conditions. Moreover, these significant G×E effects on traits indicated significantly different phenotypic adaptive responses among L. chinensis genotypes to different environmental conditions. Additionally, individuals could be grouped according to environmental condition rather than genotype as shown by canonical discriminant analysis, indicating that environmental condition played a more important role in affecting phenotypic variation than genotype;(2) by one-way ANOVA, significant differences among L. chinensis genotypes were found in all 10 traits under Ck and Dr conditions, in 8 traits under Dr Ht condition and only in 4 traits under Ht condition; and(3) all 10 traits showed relatively low or non-measurable broad-sense heritability(H_2) under stress conditions. However, the lowest H_2 value for most traits did not occur under DrHt condition, which supported the hypothesis of 'unfavorable conditions have unpredictable effects' rather than 'unfavorable conditions decrease heritability'. Results from our experiment might aid to improve predictions on the potential impacts of climate changes on L. chinensis and eventually species conservation and ecosystem restoration.     

Study on Quality Standards of Children Antipyretic Lotion

[Objectives]To establish suitable quality standards of children antipyretic lotion.[Methods]Qualitative identification was performed for Paederia scandens and A...     

株行距及穴苗数的配置对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响

为明确垦稻26和龙粳31高产优质栽培的株行距和穴苗数处理,采取裂区设计进行试验研究。结果表明,最优群体因品种而异,垦稻26在株距10cm、行距30cm、5苗/穴产量最佳,龙粳31则以株距13.3cm、行距27cm、9苗/穴产量最佳;垦稻26在5苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm处理,有利于提高稻米的碾磨品质,不利于改善稻米的外观品质,营养品质较低,利于改善稻米的食味品质,且食味评分值高达86.5,显著高于最低处理;龙粳31在5苗/穴、行株距27cm×13.3cm处理,碾磨品质较高,不利于营养品质和外观品质的改善,食味品质得到明显改善,食味评分值高达86.0,与最低处理差异达显著水平。因此,高产优质栽培要因品种选择适宜的穴苗数和株行距,是实现水稻高产优质最为快捷、最为经济有效的措施。     

青贮玉米品质性状遗传变异及主成分分析

为了鉴定青贮玉米品质性状间的相关和依附关系,对14份青贮玉米材料的22个品质性状检测分析,并进行一般描述统计、遗传变异、相关性及主成分分析。结果表明,参试青贮玉米各品质性状中,脂肪、钾、木质素、淀粉含量的变异系数较大,分别为0.20、0.19、0.17和0.16,表明这些性状在品种遗传选育进程中有较大的改良空间;消化率及能量品质相关性状的变异系数介于0.03~0.08,表明这部分性状难以得到遗传改良;青贮玉米品质性状间相关性较大,适宜采用主成分分析保留品质性状的最重要方面。对测试的22个品质性状进行主成分提取,前3个主成分的累积贡献率达到91.29%,分别代表了青贮玉米的饲用价值、微量元素及粗蛋白成分。     

绿色超级稻品种的农艺与生理性状分析

探明绿色超级稻的农艺与生理性状,对于培育和选用绿色超级稻品种有重要意义。本研究以4个绿色超级稻品种为材料,1个超级稻品种和1个非超级稻品种为对照,观察了绿色超级稻的农艺与生理表现。结果表明,与对照品种相比,绿色超级稻品种具有较高的产量和氮素利用效率。绿色超级稻品种较高的产量得益于总颖花数和结实率的同步提高,较高的氮素利用率主要在于较高的植株氮素籽粒生产效率(氮素内部利用效率)。绿色超级稻具有较高的茎蘖成穗率和粒叶比,抽穗期较高的糖花比,灌浆期较高的作物生长速率、净同化率、根系氧化力和茎中同化物向籽粒的运转率和成熟期较高的收获指数。这些性状与产量及植株氮素籽粒生产效率均呈极显著的正相关。建议将上述性状作为培育和选用绿色超级稻品种的参考指标。